From Goldilocks to Gump: entrepreneurial mechanisms for everyday entrepreneurs

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14211/regepe.v9i1.1803

Keywords:

Characteristics of entrepreneurs, Effectuation, History of Behavioral, Experimental Economics

Abstract

In this essay we argue that the exclusive focus on research aimed at isolating the characteristics of entrepreneurs as opposed to others, while intellectually exciting and even practically valuable, may have blinded us to another wholly new and exciting possibility – namely, the design of mechanisms that allow all kinds of individuals to start new ventures and provide useful and valuable tools to enable them and their stakeholders to build enduring organizations.  The research stream on effectuation has identified a few of these mechanisms.  By showing where effectuation may be located within the history of behavioral and experimental economics, we were led to the outline of at least three more mechanisms that could open the door to an entirely new research agenda on entrepreneurial mechanisms design that parallels the effort in experimental economics on economic systems design.  

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Saras D. Sarasvathy, University of Virginia

Professor Saras D. Sarasvathy is a member of the Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Ethics area. In addition to MBA and doctoral courses in entrepreneurship at Darden, she teaches in doctoral programs in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa. In 2007, Sarasvathy was named one of the top 18 entrepreneurship professors by Fortune Small Business magazine. In 2013, Babson College awarded her an honorary doctorate for the impact of her work on entrepreneurship education. Most recently, in recognition of her active engagement with students, Sarasvathy became the 2015 Mead-Colley Honored Faculty from UVA.

William Forster, Willamette University

William Forster joins the Willamette MBA faculty fall semester 2018. Prior to his arrival at Willamette University, he served on the Lehigh University faculty for nine years. Professor Forster was also an Instructor of Management at the United States Air Force Academy and was awarded an Air Force Ph.D. Fellowship.

He has twelve years' experience as an Air Force officer and worked as both a financial and project manager in numerous technology-development programs. His research interests include the following:

  • Entrepreneurial Decision-Making
  • New Venture Teams
  • Business Ethics
  • Social Entrepreneurship

Anusha Ramesh, Willamette University

  • PhD, University of Virginia, Darden School of Business
  • FPM, IIM Bangalore
  • Master of Science (Hons) Physics and Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Electronics and Instrumentation (Dual Degree) Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India

References

Admati, A. R., & Pfleiderer, P. C. (1994). Robust Financial Contracting and the Role of Venture Capitalists: 1-1.

Amit, R., MacCrimmon, K. R., Zietsma, C., & Oesch, J. M. (2001). Does money matter?: Wealth attainment as the motive for initiating growth-oriented technology ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2): 119-143.

Åstebro, T., & Thompson, P. (2011). Entrepreneurs, Jacks of all trades or Hobos? Research Policy, 40(5): 637-649.

Baker, T. (2007). Resources in play: Bricolage in the Toy Store (y). Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5): 694-711.

Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. (2003). Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32(2): 255-276.

Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3): 329-366.

Baron, R. A. (2000). Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: The potential effects of thinking about “what might have been”. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(1): 79-91.

Baum, E. L., & Walkup, H. G. (1951). Economic Considerations in Fryer Production and Marketing in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Farm Economics, 33(1): 90-107.

Blekman, T. (2011). Corporate Effectuation: What managers should learn from entrepreneurs. Netherlands: S. D. U. Uitgeverij

Blume, B. D., & Covin, J. G. (2011). Attributions to intuition in the venture founding process: Do entrepreneurs actually use intuition or just say that they do? Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1): 137-151.

Bottom, W. P. (1998). Negotiator risk: Sources of uncertainty and the impact of reference points on negotiated agreements. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2): 89-112.

Boudreaux, D. J., & Holcombe, R. G. (1989). The Coasian and Knightian Theories of the Firm. Managerial & Decision Economics, 10(2): 147-154.

Brettel, M., Mauer, R., Engelen, A., & Küpper, D. (2012). Corporate effectuation: Entrepreneurial action and its impact on R&D project performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2): 167-184.

Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1): 9-30.

Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2005). Neuroeconomics: How Neuroscience Can Inform Economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(1): 9-64.

Camerer, C., & Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and Excess Entry: An Experimental Approach. American Economic Review, 89(1): 306-318.

Camerer, C. F. (1997). Progress in behavioral game theory. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(4): 167-188.

Camerer, C. F., Loewenstein, G., & Rabin, M. (2003). Behavioral economics: Past, present, future. Princteon: Princeton University Press.

Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). TThe nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3): 511-532.

Carpenter, R. E., & Petersen, B. C. (2002). Capital market imperfections, high‐tech investment, and new equity financing. The Economic Journal, 112(477): F54-F72.

Carrasco, V., & De Mello, J. o. M. P. (2010). Repeated lending under contractual incompleteness. Annals of Finance, 6(1): 51-82.

Cassar, G. (2010). Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? an empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal, 31(8): 822-840.

Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A., & Mumford, T. V. (2011). Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3): 375-390.

Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4): 295-316.

Chen, X.-P., Yao, X. I. N., & Kotha, S. (2009). Entrepreneur passion and preparedness in business plan presentations: A persuasion analysis of venture capitalists' funding decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 199-214.

Chi-Nien, C. (2006). Beyond Guanxi: Network Contingencies in Taiwanese Business Groups. Organization Studies (01708406), 27(4): 461-489.

Christensen, C. M., & Bower, J. L. (1996). Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms. Strategic Management Journal, 17(3): 197-218.

Cope, J. (2011). Entrepreneurial learning from failure: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6): 604-623.

Cornelli, F., & Yosha, O. (2003). Stage financing and the role of convertible securities. The Review of Economic Studies, 70(1): 1-32.

Davies, M. A. P., Lassar, W., Manolis, C., Prince, M., & Winsor, R. D. (2011). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3): 321-340.

De Clercq, D., & Rangarajan, D. (2008). The Role of Perceived Relational Support in Entrepreneur–Customer Dyads.

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32(4): 659-683.

Denrell, J., & Fang, C. (2010). Predicting the Next Big Thing: Success as a Signal of Poor Judgment. Management Science, 56(10): 1653-1667.

Dew, N. (2009). Serendipity in entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 30(7): 735-753.

Dew, N., Read, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Wiltbank, R. (2008). Outlines of a behavioral theory of the entrepreneurial firm. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 66(1): 37-59.

Dew, N., Read, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Wiltbank, R. (2009a). Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision-making: Differences between experts and novices. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4): 287-309.

Dew, N., Sarasathy, S., Read, S., & Wiltbank, R. (2009b). Affordable loss: Behavioral economic aspects of the plunge decision. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(2): 105-126.

Dimov, D. (2010). Nascent Entrepreneurs and Venture Emergence: Opportunity Confidence, Human Capital, and Early Planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6): 1123-1153.

Elfenbein, D. W., Hamilton, B. H., & Zenger, T. R. (2010). The small firm effect and the entrepreneurial spawning of scientists and engineers. Management Science, 56(4): 659-681.

Endres, A. M., & Woods, C. R. (2010). Schumpeter’s ‘conduct model of the dynamic entrepreneur’: scope and distinctiveness. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 20(4): 583-607.

Evans, D. S., & Leighton, L. S. (1989). The determinants of changes in US self-employment, 1968–1987. Small Business Economics, 1(2): 111-119.

Faschingbauer, M. (2010). Effectuation: Wie erfolgreiche Unternehmer denken, entscheiden und handeln Germany: Schäffer-Poeschel.

Fischer, E., & Reuber, A. R. (2011). Social interaction via new social media:(How) can interactions on Twitter affect effectual thinking and behavior? Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1): 1-18.

Folta, T. B., Delmar, F., & Wennberg, K. (2010). Hybrid entrepreneurship. Management Science, 56(2): 253-269.

Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5): 371-391.

Gigerenzer, G., Hertwig, R., Hoffrage, U., & Sedlmeier, P. (2008). Cognitive illusions reconsidered. Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, 1: 1018-1034.

Goel, S., & Karri, R. (2006). Entrepreneurs, Effectual Logic, and Over-Trust. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(4): 477-493.

Gompers, P. 1995. A clinical examination of convertible debt in venture capital investments, Working Paper. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.

Grinblatt, M., & Han, B. (2005). Prospect theory, mental accounting, and momentum. Journal of Financial Economics, 78(2): 311-339.

Gruber, M. (2007). Uncovering the value of planning in new venture creation: A process and contingency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(6): 782-807.

Harmeling, S. S., & Sarasvathy, S. D. (2011). When contingency is a resource: Educating entrepreneurs in the Balkans, the Bronx, and beyond. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Doi:10.1111/j.540-6520.2011.00489.x

Hayek, F. A. (1984). Competition as a discovery procedure. In C. Nishiyama, & K. Leube (Eds.), The essence of hayek: 257. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D., Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2010). A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2): 217-229.

Hayward, M. L. A., Forster, W. R., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6): 569-578.

Hayward, M. L. A., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. (2006). A Hubris Theory of Entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2): 160-172.

Hogan, T., & Hutson, E. (2005). Capital structure in new technology-based firms: Evidence from the Irish software sector. Global Finance Journal, 15(3): 369-387.

Holmes, R. M., Bromiley, P., Devers, C. E., Holcomb, T. R., & McGuire, J. B. (2011). Management theory applications of prospect theory: Accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of Management, 37(4): 1069-1107.

Holtz-Eakin, D., Joulfaian, D., & Rosen, H. S. (1994). Entrepreneurial Decisions and Liquidity Constraints. The RAND Journal of Economics, 25(2): 334-347.

Honig, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship Education: Toward a Model of Contingency-Based Business Planning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3): 258-273.

Jensen, M. C. (1993). The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems. The Journal of Finance, 48(3): 831-880.

Kihlstrom, R. E., & Laffont, J. J. (1979). A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. The Journal of Political Economy: 719-748.

Kirzner, I. (1979). Perception, opportunity, and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kirzner, I. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 60-85.

Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Koe Hwee Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The Influence of Personality Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start Up Intentions, v. 95: 259-282: Springer Science & Business Media B.V.

Levesque, M., Shepherd, D. A., & Douglas, E. J. (2002). Employment or self-employment: A dynamic utility-maximizing model. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3): 189-210.

Li, J., & Tang, Y. I. (2010). CEO Hubris and Firm Risk Taking in China: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1): 45-68.

Loewenstein, G. F., Thompson, L., & Bazerman, M. H. (1989). Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3): 426.

Lucas, R. E. (1978). On the size distribution of business firms. The Bell Journal of Economics: 508-523.

Mamadou, D. (1990). Business creation with minimal resources: Some lessons from the African experience. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(4): 191-200.

March, J. G. (1996). Continuity and change in theories of organizational action. Administrative Science Quarterly: 278-287.

March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (2005). The logic of appropriateness. In M. M. a. R. E. G. M. Rein (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy: 689–708. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Inventors and New Venture Formation: the Effects of General Self‐Efficacy and Regretful Thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2): 149-165.

McCloy, R., & Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Semifactual “even if” thinking. Thinking & Reasoning, 8(1): 41-67.

Miner, J. B., & Raju, N. S. (2004). When science divests itself of its conservative stance: The case of risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1): 14-21.

Mitchell, R. K. (1994). The composition, classification, and creation of new venture formation expertise., University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

Nguyen, T. V., & Rose, J. (2009). Building trust—Evidence from Vietnamese entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2): 165-182.

Parker, S. C., & van Praag, C. M. (2012). The entrepreneur's mode of entry: Business takeover or new venture start? Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1): 31-46.

Quine, W. (2011). The Formation of Belief. Deep Learning: How the Mind Overrides Experience: 291.

Quine, W. V. O. (1976). The ways of paradox, and other essays: Harvard University Press.

Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let's put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners' personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4): 353-385.

Read, S., Dew, N., Sarasvathy, S. D., Song, M., & Wiltbank, R. (2009). Marketing Under Uncertainty: The Logic of an Effectual Approach. Journal of Marketing, 73(3): 1-18.

Read, S., Sarasvathy, S., Dew, N., Wiltbank, R., & Ohlsson, A. V. (2011). Effectual Enterpreneurship: Taylor & Francis.

Read, S., Song, M., & Smit, W. (2009). A meta-analytic review of effectuation and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(6): 573-587.

Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1995). What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking. Paper presented at the This book grew out of the symposium" Counterfactual Research: Current Issues and Recent Research," held at the convention of the American Psychological Assn, Toronto, Canada, 1993.

Sarasvathy, D. K., Simon, H. A., & Lave, L. (1998). Perceiving and Managing Business Risks: Differences between Entrepreneurs and Bankers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 33(2): 207-225.

Sarasvathy, S., & Dew, N. (2008). Effectuation and Over‐Trust: Debating Goel and Karri. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(4): 727-737.

Sarasvathy, S. D. (1998). How do firms come to be? Towards a theory of the prefirm. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University.

Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and Effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 243.

Sarasvathy, S. D. (2008). Effectuation: elements of entrepreneurial expertise. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

Sarasvathy, S. D., & Dew, N. (2005). New market creation through transformation. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 15(5): 533-565.

Schweizer, R., Vahlne, J. E., & Johanson, J. (2010). Internationalization as an entrepreneurial process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(4): 343-370.

Shepherd, D. A. (2003). Learning from business failure: propositions of grief recovery for the self-employed. Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 318-328.

Simon, H. A. (1979). Rational decision making in business organizations. American Economic Review, 69: 493-513.

Smith, K. G., Gannon, M. J., Grimm, C., & Mitchell, T. R. (1988).

Decision making behavior in smaller entrepreneurial and larger professionally managed firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3): 223-232.

Smith, V. L. (2003). Constructivist and ecological rationality in economics. The American Economic Review, 93(3): 465-508.

Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. (1990). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5): 17-27.

Stewart, W. H., & Roth, P. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analysis review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1): 145-153.

Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1(1): 39-60.

Thaler, R. H. (2000). From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1): 133-141.

Thaler, R. H. (2005). Advances in behavioral finance: Princeton University Press.

Todhunter, I. (1865). A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the Time of Pascal to that of Laplace. London and Cambridge: (Reprinted New York 1949).

Venkataraman, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., & Forster, W. R. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award: Whither the promise? Moving forward with entrepreneurship as a science of the artificial. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 21-33.

Ward, P. D., & Brownlee, D. (2003). Rare Earth: Why complex life is uncommon in the universe: Springer.

White, R. E., Thornhill, S., & Hampson, E. (2006). Entrepreneurs and evolutionary biology: The relationship between testosterone and new venture creation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(1): 21-34.

Wiltbank, R. (2005). Investment practices and outcomesof informal venture investors. Venture Capital, 7(4): 343-357.

Wiltbank, R., Read, S., Dew, N., & Sarasvathy, S. D. (2009). Prediction and control under uncertainty: Outcomes in angel investing. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2): 116-133.

Yang, X. U. (2011). A social-cognitive perspective on firm innovation. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 10(2): 33-54.

Zeelenberg, M., Van Dijk, W. W., Van der Pligt, J., Manstead, A. S. R., Van Empelen, P., & Reinderman, D. (1998). Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisions: The role of counterfactual thought in the experience of regret and disappointment. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 75(2): 117-141.

Published

2020-01-02

How to Cite

Sarasvathy, S. D., Forster, W., & Ramesh, A. (2020). From Goldilocks to Gump: entrepreneurial mechanisms for everyday entrepreneurs. REGEPE Entrepreneurship and Small Business Journal, 9(1), 189–220. https://doi.org/10.14211/regepe.v9i1.1803

Issue

Section

Research Articles