Universities and The Locational Dynamics of Academic Entrepreneurship: An Approach for The State of São Paulo, Brazil
DOI:
10.14211/regepe.v8i3.1381Keywords:
Academic Entrepreneurship, Geography of Entrepreneurship, Regional Development, UniversitiesAbstract
Purpose - This research aims to investigate the dynamics of location of academic entrepreneurs in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and its association with the respective universities of origin.
Method - A total of 1,082 PIPE/FAPESP projects were analyzed between 1998 and 2017, allowing the construction of heatmaps that demonstrate consistent patterns of geographic distribution of knowledge-intensive academic entrepreneurship in the State of São Paulo.
Main results - While research-intensive public universities play a leading role in the generation and retention of entrepreneurs at the local level, the distance from developed markets significantly reduces the concentration of spin offs in regions.
Theoretical/methodological contributions – Findings have implications for the notion that universities’ campuses can trigger levels of regional development, since the causal relationships in this process seem to be linked to both endogenous factors and processes exogenous to the university.
Relevance/originality - Issues involved in this analysis include topics of central interest in the search for a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of entrepreneurship ecosystems in the Brazilian context.Downloads
References
Abreu, M., & Grinevich, V. (2013). The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: Widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities. Research Policy, 42(2), 408-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.005
Ács, Z., Audretsch, D., & Feldman, M. (1992). Real effects of academic research: comment. American Economic Review, 82(1), 363-367.
Albuquerque, E. (1999). National systems of innovation and non-OECD countries: notes about a rudimentary and tentative typology. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 19(4), 35-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571999-1089
Alvedalen, J., & Boschma, R. (2017). A critical review of entrepreneurial ecosystems research: towards a future research agenda. European Planning Studies, 25(6), 887-903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1299694
Alves, A., Fischer, B., Vonortas, N., & Queiroz, S. (2018). Configurations of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial ecosystems: An assessment of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Anais do X Encontro de Estudos em Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, São Paulo, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17648/egepe-2018-83378
Alves, A., Quelhas, O., Silva, M., & Lameira, V. (2015). On the role of university in the promotion of innovation: exploratory evidences from a university-industry cooperation experience in Brazil. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 17(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIL.2015.066061
Asheim, B., Smith, H., & Oughton, C. (2011). Regional Innovation Systems: theory, empirics and policy. Regional Studies, 45(7), 875-891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.596701
Audretsch, D. (2012). Determinants of high-growth entrepreneurship. Relatório apresentado no OECD/DBA International Workshop on "High-Growth Firms: local policies and local determinants, Copenhagen.
Audretsch, D. (2014). From the Entrepreneurial University to the University for the Entrepreneurial Society. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(3), 313-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9288-1
Audretsch, D., & Belitski, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: establishing the framework conditions. Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1030-1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8
Audretsch, D., & Feldman, M. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 630-640.
Audretsch, D., Keilbach, M., & Lehmann, E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183511.001.0001
Audretsch, D. B., Lehman, E. E., & Warning, S. (2005). University spillover and new firm location. Research Policy, 34(7), 1113-1122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.009
Azagra-Caro, J., Pardo, R., & Rama, R. (2014). Not searching, but finding: how innovation issues shapes perceptions about universities and public research organisations. Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(3), 454-471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9297-0
Baltzopoulos, A., & Broström, A. (2013). Attractors of Entrepreneurial Activity: universities, regions and alumni entrepreneurs. Regional Studies, 47(6), 934-949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.602335
Beckman, C., Eisenhardt, K., Kotha, S., Meyer, A., & Rajagopalan, N. (2012). Technology entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(2), 89-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1134
Benneworth, P., Coenen, L., Moodysoon, J., & Asheim, B. (2009). Exploring the Multiple Roles of Lund University in Strengthening Scania's Regional Innovation System: towards institutional learning? European Planning Studies, 17(11), 1645-1664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903230582
Berggren, E., & Dahlstand, A. (2009). Creating an Entrepreneurial Region: two waves of academic spin-offs from Halmstad University. European Planning Studies, 17(8), 1171-1189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310902981037
Boschma, R., & Martin, R. (2010). The aims and scope of evolutionary economic geography. [Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography #10.01]. Utrecht University - Urban & Regional Research Centre. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806497.00007
Bramwell, A., & Wolfe, D. A. (2008). Universities and regional economic development: The entrepreneurial University of Waterloo. Research Policy, 37(8), 1175-1187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.016
Calcagnini, G., Favaretto, I., Giombini, G., Perugini, F., & Rombaldoni, R. (2016). The role of universities in the location of innovative start-ups. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(4), 670-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9396-9
Castro, B., & Souza, G. (2012). O papel dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NITs) nas universidades brasileiras. Liinc em Revista, 8(21), 125-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18617/liinc.v8i1.465
Charles, D. (2006). Universities and key knowledge infrastructures in regional innovation systems. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 19(1), 117-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610600608013
Cohen, W., Nelson, R., & Walsh, J. (2002). Links and Impacts: the influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Science, 48(1), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.1.14273
Collini S. (2012). What Are Universities for? London: Penguin.
Cowan, R., & Zinovyeva, N. (2013). University effects on regional innovation. Research Policy, 42(3), 788-800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.001
Dewes, M., Dalmarco, G., & Padula, A. (2015). Innovation policies in Brazilian and Dutch aerospace industries: How sectors driven by national procurement are influenced by its S&T environment. Space Policy, 34, 32-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2015.08.003
Di Gregorio, D., & Shane, S. (2003). Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy, 32(2), 209-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00097-5
Dorfman, N. (1983). Route 128: the development of a regional high technology economy. Research Policy, 12(6), 299-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(83)90009-4
Egeln, J., Gottschalk, S., & Rammer, C. (2004). Location Decision of Spin-offs from Public Research Institutions. Industry and Innovation, 11(3), 207-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1366271042000265384
Etzkowitz, H. (1998). The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university-industry linkages. Research Policy, 27(8), 823-833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00093-6
Etzkowitz, H. (2002). MIT and the Rise of the Entrepreneurial University. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203216675
Etzkowitz, H. (2004). The evolution of the entrepreneurial university. International Journal of Technology and Globalization, 1(1), 64-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2004.004551
Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (1998). The Endless Transition: A “Triple Helix” of University-Industry-Government Relations. Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning & Policy, 36(3), 271-288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004348123030
Etzkowitz, H., & Zhou, C. (2017). Hélice Tríplice: inovação e empreendedorismo universidade-indústria-governo. Estudos Avançados, 31(90), 23-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142017.3190003
Faggian, A., & McCann, P. (2009). Human capital, graduate migration and innovation in British regions. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(2), 317-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben042
Feldman, M. (1999). The new economics of innovation, spillovers and agglomeration: a review of empirical studies. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 8(1-2), 5-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000002
Feldman, M. (2001). The entrepreneurial event revisited: firm formation in a regional context. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 861-881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.4.861
Ferreira, J., Fayolle, A., Fernandes, C., & Raposo, M. (2017). Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship on economic growth: panel data evidence. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 29(1-2), 27-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255431
Fischer, B., Queiroz, S., & Vonortas, N. (2018a). On the location of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in developing countries: lessons from São Paulo, Brazil. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 30(5-6), 612-638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1438523
Fischer, B. B., Schaeffer, P. R., Vonortas, N. S., & Queiroz, S. (2018b). Quality comes first: university-industry collaboration as a source of academic entrepreneurship in a developing country. Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(2), 263-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9568-x
Fischer, B., Schaeffer, P., & Vonortas, N. (2018c). Evolution of University-Industry Collaboration in Brazil from a Technology Upgrading Perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Forthcoming. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.001
Freitas, I., Marques, R., & Silva, E. (2013) University-industry collaboration and innovation in emergent and mature industries in new industrialized countries. Research Policy, 42(2), 443-453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.06.006
Fritsch, M. (2008). How does new business formation affect regional development? Introduction to the special issue. Small Business Economics, 30(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9057-y
Galán-Muros, V., & Davey, T. (2017). The UBC ecosystem: putting together a comprehensive framework for university-business cooperation. Journal of Technology Transfer. Forthcoming. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9562-3
Gilbert, B., Audretsch, D., & McDougall, P. (2004). The emergence of entrepreneurship policy. Small Business Economics, 22(3-4), 313-323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000022235.10739.a8
Gonçalves, E., & Cóser, I. (2014). O programa de incentivo à inovação como mecanismo de fomento ao empreendedorismo acadêmico: A experiência da UFJF. Nova Economia, 24(3), 555-585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/0943
Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2012). The development of an entrepreneurial university. Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(1), 43-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9171-x
Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Fayolle, A., Klofsten, M., & Mian, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial universities: emerging models in the new social and economic landscape. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 551-563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9755-4
Hayter, C. (2016). A trajectory of early-stage spinoff success: the role of knowledge intermediaries within an entrepreneurial university ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 633-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9756-3
Heblich, S., & Slavtchev, V. (2014). Parent universities and the location of academic startups. Small Business Economics, 42(1), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9470-3
Hsu, D., Roberts, E., & Eesley, C. (2007). Entrepreneurs from technology-based universities: Evidence from MIT. Research Policy, 36(5), 768-788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.001
Ipiranga, A., Freitas, A., & Paiva, T. (2010). O empreendedorismo acadêmico no contexto da interação Universidade - Empresa - Governo. Cadernos EBAPE, 8(4), 676-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-39512010000400008
Isenberg, D (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-51.
Jiao, H., Zhou, J., Gao, T., & Liu, X. (2016). The more interactions the better? The moderating effect of the interaction between local producers and users of knowledge on the relationship between R&D investment and regional innovation systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 13-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.03.025
Kirzner, I. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 60-85.
Kolympiris, C., Kalaitzandonakes, N., & Miller, D. (2015). Location choice of academic entrepreneurs: Evidence from the US biotechnology industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 227-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.02.002
Krabel, S., & Mueller, P. (2009). What drives scientists to start their own company? An empirical investigation of Max Planck Society scientists. Research Policy, 38(6), 947-956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.02.005
Krugman, P. (1998). What’s new about new economic geography? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14(2), 7-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/14.2.7
Landry, R., Amara, N., & Rherrad, I. (2006). Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities. Research Policy, 35(10), 1599-1615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.020
Larsson, J., Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., & Wright, M. (2017). Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs. Research Policy, 46(8), 1490-1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.07.004
Lazzeretti, L., & Tavoletti, E. (2005). Higher education excellence and local economic development: The case of the entrepreneurial University of Twente. European Planning Studies, 13(3), 475-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310500089779
Lee, K., Lim, G., & Tan, S. (1999). Dealing with resource disadvantage: generic strategies for SMEs. Small Business Economics, 12(4), 299-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008085310245
Mason, C., & Brown, R. (2013). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth oriented entrepreneurship. Artigo apresentado no Workshop Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth Oriented Entrepreneurship, OECD LEED Programme, The Hague.
Miller, D., & Ács, Z. (2017). The campus as entrepreneurial ecosystem: the University of Chicago. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 75-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9868-4
Mok, K. (2005). Fostering entrepreneurship: Changing role of government and higher education governance in Hong Kong. Research Policy, 34(4), 537-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.003
Mowery, D., & Sampat, B. (2005). Universities in national systems. In J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, & R. Nelson (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation (209-239). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286805.003.0008
Oakey, R., Hare, P., & Balazs, K. (1996). Strategies for the exploitation of intelligence capital: evidence from Hungarian research institutes. R&D Management, 26(1), 67-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00930.x
Polonyová, E., Ondos, S., & Ely, P. (2015). The location choice of graduate entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom. Miscellanea Geographica, 19(4), 34-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0024
Poods, R., Oort, F., & Frenken, K. (2010). Innovation, spillovers and university-industry collaboration: an extended knowledge production function approach. Journal of Economic Geography, 10(2), 231-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp036
Porto, G., Kannebley Jr., S., Selan, B., & Baroni, J. (2011). Rede de interações universidade-empresa no Brasil: uma análise de redes sociais. Revista de Economia, 37(n. especial), 51-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/re.v37i4.28877
Rothaermel, F., & Ku, D. (2008). Intercluster innovation differentials: The role of research universities. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 55(1), 9-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2007.912815
Ryan, M. (2010). Patent Incentives, Technology Markets, and Public–Private Bio-Medical Innovation Networks in Brazil. World Development, 38(8), 1082-1093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.013
Salles-Filho, S., Bonacelli, M., Carneiro, A., Castro, P., & Santos, F. (2011). Evaluation of ST&I programs: a methodological approach to the Brazilian Small Business Program and some comparisons with the SBIR program. Research Evaluation, 20(2), 159-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3152/095820211X12941371876184
Santos, M. & Mello, J. (2009). IPR Policy and Management of University Technology Transfer Offices in Brazil. Proceedings of the 7th Biennial International Conference on University, Industry and Government Linkages, Triple Helix Association, Glasgow, 7.
Schaeffer, P., Fischer, B., & Queiroz, S. (2018). Beyond education: the role of research universities in innovation ecosystems. Foresight and STI Governance, 12(2), 50-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2018.2.50.61
Shane, S. (2004). Encouraging university entrepreneurship? The effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on university patenting in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(1), 127-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00114-3
Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2015). Academic Entrepreneurship: Time for a Rethink? British Journal of Management, 26(4), 582-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12116
Siegel, D., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2007). The rise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: organizational and societal implications. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 489-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm015
Stam, E. (2009). Entrepreneurship, Evolution and Geography. [Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography #09.13]. Utrecht University - Urban & Regional Research Centre. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806497.00014
Tornatzky, L., Waugaman, P., & Gray, D. (2002). Innovation U.: new university roles in a knowledge economy. Raleigh: Southern Growth Policies Board.
Youtie, J., & Shapira, P. (2008). Building an innovation hub: a case study of the transformation of university roles in regional technological and economic development. Research Policy, 37(8), 1188-1204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.012
Downloads
Published
Métricas
Visualizações do artigo: 1038 PDF (Português (Brasil)) downloads: 391 PDF downloads: 187
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
-
The author(s) authorize the publication of the text in the journal;
-
The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas, and concepts expressed in the texts, as they are the sole responsibility of their authors;
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work published under the CC BY 4.0
License, which allows sharing the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal; -
Authors are allowed and encouraged to post their work (Submitted version, Accepted version [Manuscript accepted by the author], or Published version [Record version]) online, for example in institutional repositories or preprints, as it can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. REGEPE requires that authors indicate/link the published article with DOI. See the Effect of Open Access.
