Los colores del emprendimiento en Brasil: Efectos de la etnia sobre los ingresos desde una perspectiva del comportamiento
DOI:
10.14211/regepe.e1933Palabras clave:
Emprendimiento, Emprendimiento negro, Teoría effectuation, Necesidad de emprendimiento.Resumen
Objetivo: analizar si las lógicas conductuales de la toma de decisiones pueden mitigar los efectos del prejuicio étnico sobre los ingresos del emprendedor. Método: con base en el tema del emprendimiento por necesidad y la teoría effectuation, se elaboró una encuesta a 107 emprendedores en Brasil, tomando en cuenta diferentes aspectos socioeconómicos capaces de mitigar o acentuar dichos efectos. Se utilizó análisis de correlación y regresión lineal para examinar los datos recolectados, considerándose variables socioeconómicas como variables de control. Originalidad/Relevancia: el estudio contempla la lógica predominante del comportamiento emprendedor y el emprendimiento por necesidad en la discusión sobre los efectos del prejuicio étnico sobre los ingresos de quienes lo emprenden. Resultados: los resultados corroboran la investigación desarrollada por el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, indicando que la condición étnica tiene efectos nocivos en el beneficio personal del emprendedor, por prejuicio, pero indican que existe una mitigación parcial de dichos efectos dependiendo de la lógica de comportamiento adoptada por el emprendedor. Aportes teóricos/metodológicos: este estudio señala cómo la interacción entre la etnia y el comportamiento emprendedor también puede generar resultados positivos en las ganancias del emprendedor, aunque los efectos del prejuicio no se mitigan del todo, incluso si hay un esfuerzo en la planificación o uso del conocimiento, las habilidades y la red de relacionamientos del emprendedor. Contribuciones sociales/de gestión: las características de comportamiento en la toma de decisiones (causation o effectuation) pueden mitigar los efectos del prejuicio étnico sobre los ingresos obtenidos por el emprendedor. A pesar de no ser estadísticamente significativas, estas características tienen el potencial, por tanto, de ofrecer subsidios para establecer políticas públicas afirmativas de inserción y de educación emprendedora.
JEL CODE: L26, C12, C83, D91, M14
Descargas
Citas
Almeida, S. L. de (2020). Racismo estrutural. São Paulo: Editora Jandaíra.
Amorós, J. E., Fernández, C., & Tapia, J. (2012). Quantifying the relationship between entrepreneurship and competitiveness development stages in Latin America. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(3), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0165-9
Autio, E. (2005). GEM report on high-expectation entrepreneurship. Babson Park, MA; Londres, UK: London Business School, Mazars and Babson College.
Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Mamat, M. (2016). The Likert scale analysis using parametric-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Computational Methods in Social Sciences, 4(1), 13-21.
Berends, H., Jelinek, M., Reymen, I., & Stultiëns, R. (2014). Product Innovation Processes in Small Firms: Combining Entrepreneurial Effectuation, and Managerial Causation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(3), 616-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12117
Berth, J. (2018). O que é empoderamento? Belo Horizonte: Letramento.
Block, J., & Sandner, P. (2009). Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs and their duration in self-employment: Evidence from German Micro data. Journal of Industry, Competition, and Trade, 9(2), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-007-0029-3
Bosma, N., & Kelley, D. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2018/2019 Global Report. Babson, Universidad del Desarrollo, KoEF: GEM. Recuperado de https://www.c4e.org.cy/reports/2019/Global_GEM_Report_2018_2019.pdf
Boston, T. D. (1998). Affirmative action and black entrepreneurship. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Bradford, W. D. (2014). The "Myth" That Black Entrepreneurship Can Reduce the Gap in Wealth Between Black and White Families. Economic Development Quarterly, 28(3), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242414535468
Brettel, M., Mauer, R., Engelen, A., & Küpper, D. (2012). Corporate effectuation: Entrepreneurial action and its impact on R&D project performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.01.001
Carneiro, J., & Dib, L. A. (2007). Avaliação Comparativa do Escopo Descritivo e Explanatório dos Principais Modelos de Internacionalização de Empresas. Internext – Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM, 2(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.18568/1980-4865.211-25
Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A., & Mumford, T. V. (2011). Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(3), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.10.006
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall.
Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J. (2006). Estatística sem matemática para psicologia (3a. ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Dash, R., & Ranjan, K. R. (2019). An Effectual-Causal View of Managerial Decisions in the Internationalization of Indian MNEs. Journal of International Management, 25(1), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2018.09.001
Degler, C. N. (1986). Neither black nor white: Slavery and race relations in Brazil and the United States. Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Press.
Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Decision making: going forward in reverse. Harvard Business Review, 87(1), 66-70.
Evers, N., & O'Gorman, C. (2011). Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(7-8), 549-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985621003690299
Faia, V. D. S., Rosa, M. A. G., & Machado, H. P. V. (2014). Alerta empreendedor e as abordagens causation e effectuation sobre empreendedorismo. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 18(2), 196-216. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552014000200006
Fiedler, A., Fath, B. P., & Whittaker, D. H. (2017). Overcoming the liability of outsidership in institutional voids: Trust, emerging goals, and learning about opportunities. International Small Business Journal, 35(3), 262-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616662510
Frishammar, J., & Andersson, S. (2008). The overestimated role of strategic orientations for international performance in smaller firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-008-0031-9
Futterer, F., Schmidt, J., & Heidenreich, S. (2017). Effectuation or causation as the key to corporate venture success? Investigating effects of entrepreneurial behaviors on business model innovation and venture performance. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 64-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.008
Galkina, T., & Chetty, S. (2015). Effectuation and Networking of Internationalizing SMEs. Management International Review, 55(5), 647-676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0251-x
Gartner, W. B. (1988). "Who Is an Entrepreneur?" Is the Wrong Question. American Journal of Small Business, 12(4), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878801200401
GEM – Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2018). Empreendedorismo no Brasil: Relatório Executivo 2018. IBQP/Sebrae/UFPR: Curitiba.
Lei nº 12.711, de 29 de agosto de 2012. (2012). Dispõe sobre o ingresso nas universidades federais e nas instituições federais de ensino técnico de nível médio e dá outras providências. Recuperado de http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12711.htm
Green, S., & Pryde, P. L. (1989). Black entrepreneurship in America. New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishers.
Guimarães, A. S. A. (2004). Preconceito de cor e racismo no Brasil. Revista de Antropologia, 47(1), 9-43. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-77012004000100001
Hair, J. J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (2005). Análise Multivariada de Dados (5ª. ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Harlow, S., & Benbrook, A. (2019). How #Blacklivesmatter: exploring the role of hip-hop celebrities in constructing racial identity on Black Twitter. Information Communication and Society, 22(3), 352–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1386705
Heracleous, L., & Jacobs, C. D. (2011). Crafting Strategy: Embodied Metaphors in Practice. Cambridge, MA, USA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975516
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2016). Pesquisa Nacional por amostra de domicílios: síntese de indicadores 2015. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Recuperado de https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv98887.pdf
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2019). Produto Interno Bruto – PIB. IBGE Explica. Recuperado de https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/pib.php
IBQP – Instituto Brasileiro da Qualidade e Produtividade. (2018). Intensidade empreendedora por gênero. Motivação dos Empreendedores no Brasil e no Mundo. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor – Empreendedorismo no Brasil 2017. Curitiba: IBQP.
Johansson, A., & McKelvie, A. (2012). Unpacking the Antecedents of Effectuation and Causation in a Corporate Context. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(17), 1-15.
Kalinic, I., Sarasvathy, S. D., & Forza, C. (2014). "Expect the unexpected": Implications of effectual logic on the internationalization process. International Business Review, 23(3), 635-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.11.004
Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press.
Kopkin, N. (2017). Does racial prejudice affect black entrepreneurship?: evidence exploiting spatial differences in prejudicial attitudes. Applied Economics, 49(31), 3045-3066. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1254336
Kristinsson, K., Candi, M., & Sæmundsson, R. J. (2016). The Relationship between Founder Team Diversity and Innovation Performance: The Moderating Role of Causation Logic. Long Range Planning, 49(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2015.12.013
Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., & Shoham, A. (2006). Entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations and international entrepreneurial business venture performance in South African firms. International Marketing Review, 23(5), 504-523. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330610703427
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Lawton, A. (2000). The meritocracy myth and the illusion of equal employment opportunity. Minnesota Law Review, 85(2), 587-661.
Lemos, A. Q. (2016). Effectuation e Causation: um estudo sobre o processo decisório empreendedor em redes de micros e pequenos supermercados. São Paulo: Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It To Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00048-3
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
Margolis, D. (2014). By Choice and by Necessity: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in the Developing World. The European Journal of Development Research, 26(4), 419-436. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2014.25
Maroco, J. (2010). Análise Estatística (3ª. ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo Ltda.
Mattar, F. N. (2007). Pesquisa de marketing (4a ed. compacta). São Paulo: Atlas.
Matzler, K., Uzelac, B., & Bauer, F. (2014). The Role of Intuition and Deliberation for Exploration and Exploitation Success. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(3), 252-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12065
McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. C. (2000). The entrepreneurial mindset: Strategies for continuously creating opportunity in an age of uncertainty (Vol. 284). Brighton, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard Business Press.
Mintzberg, H. (1987). Crafting Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 65, 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975516
Mintzberg, H. (1994). The rise and fall of strategic planning. New York, USA: The Free Press.
Miura, M. A., Pilati, R., Milfont, T. L., Ferreira, M. C., & Fischer, R. (2019). Between simpatia and malandragem: Brazilian jeitinho as an individual difference variable. Plos One, 14(4), e0214929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214929
Obloj, T., Obloj, K., & Pratt, M. G. (2010). Dominant Logic and Entrepreneurial Firms' Performance in a Transition Economy. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00367.x
Pacho, F. T., & Mushi, H. (2020). The effect of effectuation set of means on new venture performance: flexibility principle as a mediating factor. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-02-2020-0023
Paixão, M. (2015). O Justo Combate: relações raciais e desenvolvimento em questão. Revista Simbiótica, 2(2), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.47456/simbitica.v2i2.11721
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. (2000). Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 486-501.
Perry, J. T., Chandler, G. N., & Markova, G. (2012). Entrepreneurial Effectuation: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(4), 837–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00435.x
Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2007). Simulating Entrepreneurial Learning. Management Learning, 38(2), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507607075776
Reymen, I., Berends, H., Oudehand, R., & Stultiëns, R. (2017). Decision making for business model development: a process study of effectuation and causation in new technology-based ventures. R&D Management, 47(4), 595-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12249
Ribeiro, D. (2018, abr.). O perfil do empreendedor negro no Brasil. Carta Capital. Recuperado de https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sociedade/o-perfil-do-empreendedor-negro-no-brasil
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1978). Iberian expansion and the issue of black slavery: Changing Portuguese attitudes, 1440-1770. The American Historical Review, 83(1), 16-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/1865901
Santos, S. A. dos. (Org.). (2005). Ações Afirmativas e Combate ao Racismo nas Américas. Brasília: Unesco, BID, Ministério da Educação.
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243-263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2008). Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848440197
Sarasvathy, S. D., & Dew, N. (2005). New market creation through transformation. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 15(5), 533-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-005-0264-x
Sarasvathy, S. D., Simon, H. A., & Lave, L. (1998). Perceiving and managing business risks: Differences between entrepreneurs and bankers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 33(2), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(97)00092-9
Schotter, A., & Beamish, P. W. (2013). The hassle factor: An explanation for managerial location shunning. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(5), 521-544. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.7
Shi, Z., Takala, J., Chen, Y., Muhos, M., & Poikkimaki, J. (2013). SMEs' performance evaluation and optimization based on DEA and CFI. Management and Production Engineering Review, 4(1), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/mper-2013-0007
Snihur, Y., & Tarzijan, J. (2017). Managing complexity in a multi-business-model organization. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2017.06.010
Śliwa, M. (2007). Globalization, inequalities, and the "Polanyi problem." Critical Perspectives on International Business, 3(2), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/17422040710744935
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Osterlind, S. J. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. California, USA: California State University.
Tasic, I., & Andreassi, T. (2008). Strategy and Entrepreneurship : Decision and Creation Under Uncertainty. Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management, 1(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.12660/joscmv1n1p12-23
Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R., Verheul, I., & Hessels, J. (2016). Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-016-0065-1
Vasconcellos, S. L. de, Garrido, I. L., & Parente, R. C. (2019). Organizational creativity as a crucial resource for building international business competence. International Business Review, 28(3), 438-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.11.003
Venkataraman, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., & Forster, W. R. (2012). Reflections on the 2010 AMR Decade Award: Whither the Promise? Moving Forward with Entrepreneurship As a Science of the Artificial. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0079
Wang, K. Y., Hermens, A., Huang, K.-P., & Chelliah, J. (2015). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Learning on Smes' Innovation. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 7(4), 71-81. http://www.ijoi-online.org/
Weick, K. (1979). The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA, USA: Addison-Wes-ley.
Welter, C., & Kim, S. (2018). Effectuation under risk and uncertainty: A simulation model. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(1), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.11.005
Yang, M., & Gabrielsson, P. (2017). Entrepreneurial marketing of international high-tech business-to-business new ventures: A decision-making process perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 64, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.01.007
Descargas
Publicado
Métricas
Visualizações do artigo: 1427 PDF (Português (Brasil)) downloads: 155 PDF (English) downloads: 75
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2021 Carolina Mato da Rosa, Silvio Luís de Vasconcellos, Christian Daniel Falaster
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
-
El/La autor(a)/es(as) autorizan la publicación del texto en la revista;
-
La revista no se responsabiliza de las opiniones, ideas y conceptos emitidos en los textos, ya que son de entera responsabilidad de sus autores/autoras;
-
Los autores/autoras mantienen los derechos de autor y conceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo publicado bajo la Licencia CC BY 4.0
, que permite el compartir el trabajo con reconocimiento de la autoría y la publicación inicial en esta revista; -
Los autores/autoras están permitidos y animados a publicar su trabajo (Versión enviada, Versión aceptada [Manuscrito aceptado por el autor/autora] o Versión publicada [Versión del registro]) en línea, por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o preprints, ya que puede llevar a intercambios productivos, así como a citas anteriores y mayores de trabajos publicados. REGEPE pide como condición política para los autores/autoras que indiquen/vinculen el artículo publicado con DOI. Vea el Efecto del Acceso Abierto.
